“In the Edexcel IGCSE Higher Tier syllabus, Graph Transformations involve modifying a function y=f(x) to change its position or orientation.2 Mastery relies on two fundamental rules: 1) Outside changes (f(x)+a, -f(x)) affect the y-coordinates and follow the expected logic (Vertical Translation, X-axis Reflection); and 2) Inside changes (f(x+a), f(-x)) affect the x-coordinates and behave in the opposite way to what is expected (Horizontal Translation, Y-axis Reflection). Translations are formally described using column vectors.”